Abstract
Vol.43 No.1
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Vitrification/warming protocols and practical techniques for human cleavage and blastocyst stage embryos
JMOR, 43(1) 3-12, 2026
Embryo cryopreservation has become an essential technique in assisted reproductive technology. Advances in freezing and thawing technologies have provided many clinical benefits, including reduced risks of multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. In frozen-thawed embryo transfer, clinical outcomes are expected to improve through synchronization of the embryo and endometrium. By increasing the cumulative clinical pregnancy rate per oocyte retrieval, this approach is also considered to contribute to a reduction in the physical, emotional, and financial burdens of patients. As frozen-thawed embryo transfer has become widely used, several manufacturers now provide various vitrification/warming solutions and devices, which have characteristics and protocols that vary among products. In recent years, methods that shorten the warming process have also been reported. Embryologists need to evaluate these methods and choose the most appropriate one for their facility. In this article, we describe a protocol using the Ready to Vitri/Warm Kit, a vitrification/warming kit, and introduce practical techniques used at our clinic.
